Both Apple and Android chargers has standard USB 5V voltage. This 5V main current is passing through the pin no 1, named VCC, of the USB cable. USB has 4 pins, and the last pin (#4) connects to the ground.
The other two pins, pin no 2 and 3, or Data+ and Data-, are for data transfer when USB is connected between a computer and the device. However, they are used in different way for chargers, as data transfer is not necessary for charging.
For chargers, they are used to identify whether the device is connected to either a charger or a computer, as well as to identify the type of charger.
Apple charger provides 2.0~2.5V current on Data+/- lines of the cable, while Android charger in general makes shortage between Data+/-. Therefore, Apple's iPhone or iPad is not chargeable by Android chargers, as they do not provide 2.5v current on those Data lines.
On the other hand, when Android mobiles are connected to a Apple charger, they can be charged with limited current, e.g. 500mA. Because Apple charger does not have shortage between Data+/- lines, Android phones recognize the charger as a standard USB port on a computer, thus it consumes only 500mA, the standard currents.
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